Independence denotes the capability to liberate oneself from reliance or subordination to others and manage daily and social affairs through one’s efforts. It encompasses living, economic, and mental independence. Living independence entails autonomy in daily activities, while economic independence involves earning income to sustain a desired lifestyle. Although mental independence lacks a precise conceptual definition, it primarily encompasses the ability to make decisions independently without relying on external assistance and assuming responsibility for those decisions.

Throughout the process of growth and development, individuals gradually transition from dependency on caregivers to achieving independence, with adulthood marking the expected culmination of this journey. Independence is founded on self-determination and self-regulation in executing decisions. However, individuals may experience a decline in independence when faced with health disorders that impose limitations on daily activities or lead to psychological dependence. In rehabilitation and nursing care, restoring independence is the central goal for individuals requiring assistance due to health-related challenges.

The term “autonomy” is synonymous with independence and refers to the act of adhering to one’s standards without external control or restraint. These terms are often used interchangeably (see the section “Autonomy”).

• Editorial Committee for Six Laws to Support the Independence of Persons with Disabilities (Ed.). (2010). Six laws to support the independence of persons with disabilities (2010 ed.). Chuo Hoki Publishing.
• Henderson, V. (2006). Basics of nursing (New ed., Yumaki, M., & Kodama, K., Trans.). Japanese Nursing Association Publishing.
• Japanese Society of Nursing Science, Nursing Academic Terminology Review Committee (Ed.). (1995). Nursing academic terminology (4th Academic Terminology Review Committee). Japanese Society of Nursing Science.