Illness denotes a state wherein the structure or function of a living organism is compromised, resulting in discomfort or suffering that hampers daily activities. Various viewpoints exist regarding illness, encompassing objective, subjective, and socio-cultural perspectives.

In medical terminology, the term “disease” is often preferred over “illness,” as it denotes conditions diagnosed based on objective medical criteria. Diagnosis is typically established through evidence-based evaluation of abnormal physical states, leading to the classification of the condition as a disease. Nursing practice, therefore, necessitates specialized knowledge and skills in disease classification, etiology, diagnostics, and treatments in line with scientific advancements.

Conversely, considering illness from a subjective standpoint underscores individual interpretations and experiences. Each person’s understanding of and experiences with illness are unique, emphasizing the importance of distinctly acknowledging and comprehending their experiences. This approach prioritizes empathetic engagement, where healthcare providers actively listen to individuals’ perspectives on illness, recovery, and treatment, fostering collaborative efforts toward achieving optimal health outcomes. Moreover, viewing health and illness along a continuum highlights the intricate interplay between the two states, suggesting that they are not easily distinguishable or separable concepts. Additionally, cultural and social factors significantly influence the delineation between the two states.

• Nightingale, F. (2003). Collection of nursing essays: What is health? What is illness? What is nursing? (Usui, D., Kodama, K., et al., Trans.). Gendaisha.
• Okado, T. (1987). Series patient/family psychology and nursing care (1): Illness and human behavior. Chuohoki Publishing.
• Yamaguchi, K. (Ed.). (2000). New edition atlas of diseases. Kodansha.