According to Dorothea E. Orem, self-care encompasses the initiation and completion of activities aimed at preserving life, maintaining health, and achieving happiness. Orem’s self-care theory views the “self” holistically, paying attention to one’s physical, psychological, and spiritual needs. The concept of “care” involves all actions necessary for individuals to sustain life and cultivate a normal way of living. Unlike mere compliance with instructions, self-care involves individuals recognizing their health needs, taking proactive measures, and utilizing primary resources outside of formal medical care. Additionally, self-reliance is emphasized, reflecting individuals’ confidence in safeguarding their health.

Based on Orem’s theory, the self-care model provides a practical framework for understanding nursing phenomena. It illustrates the balance between individuals’ self-care needs and their ability to engage in self-care activities (agency), highlighting any deficits that may arise due to this imbalance. Meanwhile, nursing system models depict the level of nursing care provided and the collaborative roles between patients and nurses. The self-care model has been widely adopted across various clinical settings, with modifications and enhancements tailored to specific contexts as needed.

• Dennis, C. M. (1999). Introduction to Orem nursing theory: An approach to self-care deficit nursing theory (M. Onodera, Trans.). Igaku-Shoin.
• Glanz, K., Lewis, F. M., & Rimer, B. K. (Eds.). (2006). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, practice (S. Sone, H. Watanabe, M. Yuasa, et al., Trans.). Igaku-Shoin.
• Orem, D. E. (2005). Orem nursing theory: Basic concepts in nursing practice (4th ed., M. Onodera, Trans.). Igaku-Shoin.