A code of ethics is a set of principles that define the standards of ethical conduct essential for a profession, emphasizing autonomy and self-discipline. It is developed by professionals for professionals, publicly declared, and requires members to adhere to these standards. Moral guidelines, including codes of ethics, typically encompass three elements: values, duties, and virtues. These elements include the values that define the purpose of professional practice, the moral obligations of professionals, and the virtues—such as good character—expected in the profession.

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) initiated discussions on an international code of ethics in 1923, and in 1953, the ‘The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses’ was officially adopted. After several revisions, the current version includes a preamble followed by standards of conduct in four fundamental areas: “nurses and patients or people requiring care”, “nurses and practice”, “nurses and the profession”, and “nurses and global health” (2021). In 1988, the Japan Nursing Association established the “Code of Ethics for Nurses,” consisting of 10 articles, which was later revised in 2003 to include 15 articles. This code not only clarifies to society the scope of responsibilities assumed by nurses as professionals but also serves as a guideline for nursing practice. It is also encouraged as a basis for self-reflection and evaluating nursing practice.

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• Fry, S. T., & Johnstone, M.-J. (2010). Ethics in nursing practice: A guide for ethical decision making (3rd ed.; Katada, N., & Yamamoto, A., Trans.). Japanese Nursing Association Publishing.
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